DIMS Lectures General Pathology PDF

Kindly Scroll down for the complete pdf lecture of general pathology by Dr. Tahir Malik.

Summary:

1. Introduction to Pathology:

Definition and Scope: An overview of pathology as the study of disease mechanisms, differentiating between general and systemic pathology.

Historical Perspectives: Evolution of pathology as a discipline and its significance in modern medicine.

2. Cellular Adaptations and Injury:

Adaptations: Mechanisms of hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy, and metaplasia in response to stress.

Cell Injury: Distinguishing between reversible and irreversible injury, with examples of causative agents.

3. Cell Death Mechanisms:

Necrosis: Types (coagulative, liquefactive, caseous, fat, fibrinoid) and morphological features.

Apoptosis: Pathways, regulation, and physiological vs. pathological roles.

4. Intracellular Accumulations and Pigmentations:

Lipids, Proteins, Glycogen: Causes and implications of abnormal accumulations.

Pigments: Endogenous (melanin, hemosiderin) and exogenous (carbon) pigments and their pathological significance.

5. Tissue Renewal and Repair:

Regeneration: Mechanisms in labile, stable, and permanent tissues.

Healing: Processes of scar formation, granulation tissue development, and factors influencing repair.

6. Hemodynamic Disorders:

Edema: Pathophysiology, types, and clinical implications.

Hyperemia and Congestion: Differences, causes, and outcomes.

7. Hemostasis and Thrombosis:

Normal Hemostasis: Steps involved in blood clot formation.

Thrombosis: Virchow's triad, fate of thrombi, and clinical consequences.

8. Embolism and Infarction:

Embolism: Types (pulmonary, systemic, fat, air) and pathophysiological effects.

Infarction: Factors determining development, types, and morphological features.

9. Shock:

Types: Cardiogenic, hypovolemic, septic, neurogenic, and anaphylactic shock.

Stages and Pathophysiology: Progression from initial insult to irreversible damage.

10. Immune System Disorders:

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Types I-IV mechanisms and examples.

Autoimmune Diseases: Pathogenesis and representative conditions.

11. Neoplasia I:

Definitions: Neoplasia, tumor, cancer, and distinctions between benign and malignant growths.

Nomenclature: Classification based on tissue origin and behavior.

12. Neoplasia II:

Carcinogenesis: Molecular basis, including oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes.

Tumor Progression: Mechanisms of invasion and metastasis.

13. Genetic Disorders:

Mendelian Disorders: Patterns of inheritance and examples.

Chromosomal Abnormalities: Common syndromes and their genetic basis.

14. Environmental and Nutritional Pathology:

Toxic Exposures: Effects of chemicals, drugs, and physical agents.

Nutritional Deficiencies and Excesses: Impact on health and disease.

15. Infectious Diseases:

Pathogen Types: Bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, and prions.

Host Responses: Mechanisms of defense and injury.

16. Diseases of the Immune System:

Immunodeficiencies: Primary and secondary causes and manifestations.

Amyloidosis: Pathogenesis, types, and clinical significance.

17. Blood Vessel Pathology:

Arteriosclerosis: Types, including atherosclerosis, and their consequences.

Vasculitis: Classification and representative diseases.

18. Cardiac Pathology:

Ischemic Heart Disease: Pathogenesis, types, and outcomes.

Myocardial Diseases: Cardiomyopathies and myocarditis.

19. Respiratory Pathology:

Obstructive and Restrictive Diseases: Asthma, COPD, fibrosis, and related conditions.

Infections and Neoplasms: Pneumonia, tuberculosis, lung cancer.

20. Renal Pathology:

Glomerular Diseases: Nephrotic and nephritic syndromes.

Tubulointerstitial Diseases: Causes and consequences.

21. Gastrointestinal Pathology:

1.Esophageal Disorders:

Reflux Esophagitis: Inflammation caused by the backward flow of stomach acid into the esophagus, leading to symptoms like heartburn.

Barrett's Esophagus: A condition where the normal squamous epithelium lining the esophagus changes to a columnar lining, increasing the risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma.

2. Gastric Pathologies:

Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach lining, which can be acute or chronic, often caused by Helicobacter pylori infection or prolonged NSAID use.

Peptic Ulcer Disease: Open sores that develop on the inner lining of the stomach and the upper portion of the small intestine, primarily due to H. pylori infection or NSAID use.

3. Intestinal Disorders:

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): Includes Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, characterized by chronic inflammation of the GI tract.

Celiac Disease: An autoimmune disorder where ingestion of gluten leads to damage in the small intestine.

4. Neoplasms of the GI Tract:

Colorectal Cancer: Malignancy arising from the colon or rectum, often developing from adenomatous polyps.

Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GISTs): Rare tumors originating from the interstitial cells of Cajal in the GI tract.

5. Liver and Pancreatic Pathologies:

Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver, which can be viral (e.g., hepatitis A, B, C) or non-viral in origin.

Pancreatitis: Inflammation of the pancreas, which can be acute or chronic, often associated with gallstones or chronic alcohol use.

6. Diagnostic Approaches:

Endoscopy: A procedure allowing direct visualization of the GI tract to identify abnormalities.

Biopsy: Sampling of tissue for histo-pathological examination to confirm diagnoses.

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