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Renal Pathophysiology NLE / NRE high-yield points by Dr. Asif Ali Khan are as follows ⚠ Caution ! Please Make Sure you are using standard internet browser with a very good internet connection speed. 📌 Stay Updated!              

Pathology NLE / NRE practice MCQs by Dr. Asif Ali Khan are as follows ⚠ Caution ! Please Make Sure you are using standard internet browser with a very good internet connection speed. 📌 Stay Updated!              

Here is the complete pdf lecture of CVS pathology by Dr. Tahir Malik  Overview of Cardiovascular Pathology Cardiovascular pathology focuses on diseases affecting the heart and blood vessels. It is a critical subject in medicine as cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Understanding the underlying mechanisms, structural changes, and clinical implications of cardiovascular pathology is essential for medical students, pathologists, and clinicians. Atherosclerosis and Arteriosclerosis Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the deposition of lipids, inflammatory cells, and fibrous tissue within the arterial walls. Pathogenesis: Endothelial Injury: Caused by hypertension, smoking, hyperlipidemia. Lipoprotein Deposition: LDL cholesterol accumulates in the intima. Inflammation and Foam Cell Formation: Macrophages engulf oxidized LDL, forming foam cells. Fibrous Plaque Formation: Smooth...

Kindly scroll down for the complete pdf lecture of respiratory pathology , Summary  1. Obstructive Lung Diseases Obstructive lung diseases are characterized by airway obstruction leading to difficulty in exhalation. A. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) COPD is a progressive and irreversible lung disease caused by long-term exposure to irritants like smoking and pollution. Pathophysiology: Chronic inflammation leads to narrowing of airways. Mucus hypersecretion causes bronchial obstruction. Destruction of alveoli leads to reduced gas exchange. Key Features: Chronic cough with sputum production. Dyspnea (shortness of breath). Prolonged expiration with wheezing. Clinical Correlation: Spirometry shows decreased FEV1/FVC ratio. Patients present with barrel chest due to air trapping. B. Asthma Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease that causes episodic airway constriction. Pathophysiology: Bronchial hyperreactivity leads to airway narrowing. Histamine release triggers bronch...

Kindly scroll down for the complete pdf lecture of renal patho-physiology  by Dr. Tahir Malik . Summary : The kidneys are vital organs that play a crucial role in maintaining overall health. They filter waste, regulate electrolytes, and balance fluids in the body. However, kidney diseases can disrupt these functions, leading to serious health issues. In this comprehensive guide, we’ll explore renal pathophysiology-the study of kidney function and disease-covering everything from anatomy, histology and physiology to common disorders, diagnosis, and treatment. 1. Anatomy of the Kidneys Location and Size The kidneys are bean-shaped organs located on either side of the spine, just below the rib cage. The right kidney is slightly lower than the left due to the liver’s presence. Each kidney is about 10-12 cm long, 6 cm wide, and 3 cm thick Internal Structure - Cortex: The outer layer containing filtering units called glomeruli. - Medulla: The inner region with structures called rena...

Scroll down for the complete pdf lecture of GIT and liver pathology .  Summary : 1. Introduction to GIT Pathology 2. Esophageal Disorders 3. Gastric Pathologies 4. Small Intestine Disorders 5. Large Intestine Disorders 6. Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) 7. Malabsorption Syndromes 8. Liver Pathologies 9. Hepatitis 10. Cirrhosis 11. Gallbladder and Biliary Tract Diseases 12. Pancreatic Disorders 13. Gastrointestinal Neoplasms 14. Diagnostic Approaches in GIT Pathology Detail 1. Introduction to GIT Pathology This lecture lays the foundation for gastrointestinal pathology, discussing: The basic anatomy and physiology of the digestive system. The role of GIT in digestion, absorption, and metabolism. General mechanisms of diseases affecting the GIT, including inflammation, infection, tumors, and autoimmune conditions. Diagnostic methods, such as endoscopy, histopathology, and imaging studies. 2. Esophageal Disorders The esophagus is prone to various diseases. This lecture covers: Gastr...

Kindly Scroll down for the complete pdf lecture of general pathology by Dr. Tahir Malik. Summary : 1. Introduction to Pathology: Definition and Scope : An overview of pathology as the study of disease mechanisms, differentiating between general and systemic pathology. Historical Perspectives : Evolution of pathology as a discipline and its significance in modern medicine. 2. Cellular Adaptations and Injury: Adaptations : Mechanisms of hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy, and metaplasia in response to stress. Cell Injury : Distinguishing between reversible and irreversible injury, with examples of causative agents. 3. Cell Death Mechanisms: Necrosis : Types (coagulative, liquefactive, caseous, fat, fibrinoid) and morphological features. Apoptosis : Pathways, regulation, and physiological vs. pathological roles. 4. Intracellular Accumulations and Pigmentations: Lipids, Proteins, Glycogen: Causes and implications of abnormal accumulations. Pigments : Endogenous (melanin, hemosiderin) and ex...

Clinically Focused with Explanation!  This interactive Pathology Quiz is designed for medical students, exam aspirants, and professionals who want to revise high-yield topics quickly and effectively. Based on Past NUMS Question Bank Sourced and Explained using NRE Essence (Latest Edition) by Dr. Asif Ali Khan What This Quiz Offers   70 Clinical MCQs : No theoretical fluff - each question is based on real clinical vignettes.   Multi-Exam Relevance : Perfect for NRE, PLAB/UKMLA, USMLE Step 1 & 2, AMC, MCCQE and more.   Smart Practice : Each question tests applied knowledge, differential diagnosis, and critical thinking.   Performance Tracking : Score yourself and identify areas that need improvement.