DIMS Lectures Liver And GIT Pathology PDF

Liver & GIT Pathology 

1. Common Gastrointestinal Disorders

1.1 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

GERD is a chronic condition where stomach acid frequently flows back into the esophagus, causing heartburn, regurgitation, and chest discomfort.

Causes:

• Weak lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
• Obesity
• Spicy and fatty foods
• Smoking and alcohol

Management:

• Lifestyle changes: Avoid trigger foods, weight management
• Medications: Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs), H2 blockers
• Surgical intervention (Nissen fundoplication in severe cases)

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1.2 Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)

Peptic ulcers are sores in the stomach or duodenal lining caused by H. pylori infection or NSAID overuse.

Symptoms:

• Epigastric pain (burning sensation)
• Nausea
• Bloating
• Occult bleeding (in severe cases)

Treatment:

• Eradication of H. pylori with antibiotics
• Acid suppression therapy (PPIs, H2 blockers)
• Avoidance of NSAIDs

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2. Liver Disorders and Management

2.1 Hepatitis (A, B, C, D, E)

Viral hepatitis leads to liver inflammation, with Hepatitis B and C posing the greatest chronic risks.

Modes of Transmission:

• Hepatitis A & E: Contaminated food and water
• Hepatitis B, C & D: Bloodborne, sexual contact, perinatal transmission

Prevention & Treatment:

• Vaccination (Hepatitis A & B)
• Antiviral therapy for chronic Hepatitis B & C
• Liver transplantation in end-stage liver disease (ESLD)

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2.2 Liver Cirrhosis

Cirrhosis is the progressive scarring of liver tissue due to chronic liver damage.

Common Causes:

• Chronic alcohol abuse
• Viral hepatitis
• Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)

Symptoms:

• Ascites (fluid accumulation)
• Jaundice
• Hepatic encephalopathy (confusion, altered consciousness)

Management:

• Alcohol cessation
• Nutritional support
• Liver transplantation in advanced cases

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3. Diagnostic Tools for GIT & Liver Disorders

3.1 Endoscopy & Colonoscopy

• Used for visualizing the esophagus, stomach, and intestines
• Biopsies taken for H. pylori, celiac disease, or malignancy detection

3.2 Liver Function Tests (LFTs)

• Measures ALT, AST, ALP, Bilirubin to assess liver damage
• Elevated ALT/AST suggests hepatitis or liver injury

3.3 Imaging Techniques

• Ultrasound: First-line for fatty liver and gallbladder disease
• CT/MRI: Detects liver tumors, cirrhosis, or biliary obstructions

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4. Preventive Strategies for GIT & Liver Health

Dietary Modifications:

• High-fiber diet: Prevents constipation, supports gut microbiome
• Avoid processed foods & excessive sugar: Reduces risk of NAFLD
• Stay hydrated: Aids digestion & liver detoxification

Lifestyle Changes:

• Regular exercise: Improves metabolism, reduces fatty liver risk
• Limit alcohol & smoking: Prevents cirrhosis & GERD exacerbation

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Final Thoughts

Understanding GIT and liver diseases is crucial for prevention and effective management. Early detection through clinical evaluation, imaging, and laboratory tests helps in timely interventions. A healthy lifestyle, proper diet, and medical follow-ups ensure better digestive and liver health.

Stay informed, stay healthy!

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