DIMS Lectures GIT & Liver Pathology PDF

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Summary :

1. Introduction to GIT Pathology

2. Esophageal Disorders

3. Gastric Pathologies

4. Small Intestine Disorders

5. Large Intestine Disorders

6. Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)

7. Malabsorption Syndromes

8. Liver Pathologies

9. Hepatitis

10. Cirrhosis

11. Gallbladder and Biliary Tract Diseases

12. Pancreatic Disorders

13. Gastrointestinal Neoplasms

14. Diagnostic Approaches in GIT Pathology

Detail

1. Introduction to GIT Pathology

This lecture lays the foundation for gastrointestinal pathology, discussing:

The basic anatomy and physiology of the digestive system.

The role of GIT in digestion, absorption, and metabolism.

General mechanisms of diseases affecting the GIT, including inflammation, infection, tumors, and autoimmune conditions.

Diagnostic methods, such as endoscopy, histopathology, and imaging studies.

2. Esophageal Disorders

The esophagus is prone to various diseases. This lecture covers:

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) – Chronic reflux causing esophagitis.

Barrett’s esophagus – A precancerous condition due to chronic GERD.

Esophageal cancer – Squamous cell carcinoma vs. Adenocarcinoma.

Achalasia – A motility disorder due to failure of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) to relax.

Esophageal varices – Dilated veins due to portal hypertension, often seen in liver cirrhosis.

3. Gastric Pathologies

This lecture focuses on stomach-related disorders, including:

Gastritis – Inflammation of the stomach lining due to H. pylori infection, NSAIDs, alcohol, and stress.

Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) – Ulcers in the stomach and duodenum caused by H. pylori or excessive acid production.

Gastric carcinoma – Risk factors, types (intestinal vs. diffuse), and signs like Virchow’s node.

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome – Gastrin-secreting tumors (gastrinomas) causing excessive acid production.

4. Small Intestine Disorders

Key disorders covered in this lecture include:

Celiac disease – Autoimmune response to gluten causing villous atrophy and malabsorption.

Lactose intolerance – Deficiency of lactase enzyme, leading to diarrhea, bloating, and gas.

Whipple’s disease – Rare bacterial infection caused by Tropheryma whipplei, leading to malabsorption and arthritis.

Small bowel obstruction – Causes include adhesions, hernias, and tumors.

5. Large Intestine Disorders

This lecture discusses:

Diverticulosis and diverticulitis – Small pouches forming in the colon, which can get inflamed and infected.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) – Functional disorder causing abdominal pain and altered bowel habits.

Pseudomembranous colitis – Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea due to antibiotic use.

6. Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)

This lecture differentiates between Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis:

Crohn’s disease – Affects any part of the GIT, with skip lesions, fistulas, and cobblestone appearance.

Ulcerative colitis – Affects only the colon and rectum, with continuous mucosal inflammation and bloody diarrhea.

7. Malabsorption Syndromes

Covers diseases that affect nutrient absorption, including:

Tropical sprue – Chronic diarrhea due to an unknown bacterial infection.

Cystic fibrosis – Thick mucus production affecting pancreatic enzyme secretion.

Bacterial overgrowth syndrome – Excessive bacterial colonization leading to malnutrition.

8. Liver Pathologies

This lecture covers liver function and diseases, including:

Fatty liver disease (NAFLD & AFLD) – Fat accumulation due to obesity or alcohol abuse.

Hepatic fibrosis – Progression of chronic liver injury leading to cirrhosis.

Liver failure – Symptoms include jaundice, ascites, and coagulopathy.

9. Hepatitis

Viral hepatitis is discussed in detail:

Hepatitis A & E – Fecal-oral transmission, self-limiting.

Hepatitis B & C – Bloodborne, can lead to chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma.

Hepatitis D – Requires HBV co-infection.

10. Cirrhosis

A chronic liver disease caused by:

Chronic alcohol use, viral hepatitis (B, C), NAFLD.

Complications: Portal hypertension, hepatic encephalopathy, and liver failure.

Histological findings: Fibrosis and regenerative nodules.

11. Gallbladder and Biliary Tract Diseases

Gallstones (Cholelithiasis) – Risk factors: Female, Fat, Forty, Fertile.

Cholecystitis – Inflammation of the gallbladder due to gallstones.

Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) vs. (PBC) Primary biliary cholangitis – Chronic bile duct diseases.

12. Pancreatic Disorders

Acute pancreatitis – Causes: Alcohol, gallstones, trauma, scorpion sting.

Chronic pancreatitis – Leads to pancreatic insufficiency and diabetes.

Pancreatic cancer – Symptoms: Painless jaundice, weight loss, Courvoisier’s sign.

13. Gastrointestinal Neoplasms

Esophageal cancer – Squamous cell carcinoma (smoking, alcohol) vs. adenocarcinoma (GERD, Barrett’s).

Colorectal cancer – APC gene mutation, Lynch syndrome.

Gastric cancer – Risk factors include H. pylori, smoking, diet rich in nitrates.

14. Diagnostic Approaches in GIT Pathology

Endoscopy and biopsy – Gold standard for most GIT diseases.

Imaging – Ultrasound for gallbladder, CT scan for pancreatic tumors, MRI for liver lesions.

Blood tests – LFTs, tumor markers (CEA, AFP), amylase/lipase for pancreatitis.

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